{"id":8130,"date":"2022-11-20T17:57:22","date_gmt":"2022-11-20T14:57:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.acikpencere.com\/?p=8130"},"modified":"2024-04-25T14:01:55","modified_gmt":"2024-04-25T11:01:55","slug":"modern-mimarlikta-5-ilke-ve-villa-savoye","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.acikpencere.com\/arastirma-alanlari\/beseri-bilimler\/modern-mimarlikta-5-ilke-ve-villa-savoye\/","title":{"rendered":"Modern Mimarl\u0131kta 5 \u0130lke Ve Villa Savoye"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u00d6zet<\/strong><\/p>\n

19 yy. End\u00fcstri devrimi sonras\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fen ya\u015fam bi\u00e7imleri ve yeni kent ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131na cevap olarak yeni d\u00fcnyan\u0131n yeni mimarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 felsefesiyle modern mimarl\u0131k ak\u0131m\u0131 do\u011fmu\u015ftur. Mimarlar s\u00fcsleme ve tarih\u00e7ili\u011fi reddedip ekonomik ve seri yap\u0131m teknikleriyle, i\u015flev \u00f6ncelikli yeni \u00dcslup ve bi\u00e7im aray\u0131\u015flar\u0131na girmi\u015ftir. Bu aray\u0131\u015flar\u0131n \u00f6nc\u00fclerinden olan La Corbusier \u2018\u2019Ev, ya\u015famak i\u00e7in bir makinedir\u2019\u2019 aforizmas\u0131 ve \u2018Yeni bir mimarl\u0131\u011fa do\u011fru 5 ilke\u2019 manifestosu modern mimarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n genel hatlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7izmi\u015ftir. 5 ilke; \u2018Pilotiler, yatay bant pencereler, serbest cephe, serbest plan ve \u00e7at\u0131 bah\u00e7esi\u2019 \u015feklindedir. Farkl\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 olsa da genelde konut yap\u0131lar\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan Le Corbusier\u2019in en \u00fcnl\u00fc yap\u0131lar\u0131ndan biri olan Villa Savoye bu ak\u0131m\u0131n mihenk ta\u015flar\u0131ndand\u0131r. Le Corbusier\u2019in modern mimarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 olarak yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 Villa savoye 5 ilkenin kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n somut bir \u00f6rne\u011fi olarak modern mimarl\u0131kta \u00f6nemli bir yer kaplamaktad\u0131r. Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma Villa Savoye\u2019nin 5 ilkeye nas\u0131l uydu\u011funun ve yap\u0131n\u0131n mimarl\u0131k tarihi i\u00e7erisindeki yeri ve \u00f6neminin de\u011ferlendirilmesi konusu \u00fczerinden kaleme al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Anahtar kelimeler:<\/strong> le corbusier, villa savoye, modernizm, modern mimarl\u0131k<\/p>\n

Giri\u015f<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0130nsano\u011flu tarih boyunca \u00e7evreye uyum sa\u011flarken ayn\u0131 zamanda \u00e7evresini etkileyen, de\u011fi\u015ftiren, bi\u00e7imlendiren k\u00fclt\u00fcrel toplumsal bir varl\u0131kt\u0131r. \u0130nsan i\u00e7inde ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 mek\u00e2n\u0131; bulundu\u011fu zamana, k\u00fclt\u00fcre ve co\u011frafyaya ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak \u015fekillendirir. Bu nedenle mimarl\u0131k \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7a\u011f\u0131, co\u011frafyay\u0131 ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc yans\u0131t\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Tarihte 19. Y\u00fczy\u0131l, insan ya\u015fam\u0131na y\u00f6n veren d\u00f6n\u00fcm noktalar\u0131ndand\u0131r. Sanayi devrimiyle makinele\u015fme \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015flamas\u0131 ve seri \u00fcretime ge\u00e7ilmesi; fabrikalar\u0131n oldu\u011fu kentlerde i\u015f\u00e7i ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 do\u011furmu\u015f, bununla birlikte k\u00f6yden kente g\u00f6\u00e7ler ya\u015fanmaya ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kentlerin artan n\u00fcfus sorununa \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm bulmak ve yeni \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n dinamiklerini ifade etmek ad\u0131na tasar\u0131mc\u0131lar, tasar\u0131mlar\u0131na farkl\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmler ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceler aram\u0131\u015f, bu \u015fekilde \u00e7e\u015fitli sanat, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce ve mimarl\u0131k ak\u0131mlar\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bulunduklar\u0131 d\u00f6nemin sosyal, siyasi ve ekonomik geli\u015fmeleri,ak\u0131mlar\u0131n ilkelerinin belirlenmesinde etkili olmu\u015ftur. Bu de\u011fi\u015fimler ve yeni bi\u00e7im aray\u0131\u015flar\u0131 \u2018modern\u2019 olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan yeni bir mimarl\u0131k ak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na neden olmu\u015ftur. Modern felsefenin temel g\u00f6stergesi ak\u0131l ve bilginin teknolojiyle birlikte kullan\u0131m\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

TDK\u2019ye g\u00f6re modern; \u201c \u00c7a\u011fda\u015f (bug\u00fcn )\u201danlam\u0131na gelirken, modernizm, \u00e7a\u011fda\u015fla\u015fma ak\u0131m\u0131 olarak tan\u0131mlan\u0131r. Modern mimarl\u0131k s\u0131kl\u0131kla \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f mimarl\u0131k (bug\u00fcnk\u00fc d\u00f6nem) anlam\u0131nda kullan\u0131lsa da modern mimarl\u0131k 20 yy. modernizm ak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 ifade eden \u00f6zel bir anlam ta\u015f\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Modern tan\u0131m\u0131 kavram olarak \u201ceski\u201c ile \u201cyeni\u201c aras\u0131ndaki ge\u00e7i\u015fi ifade etmektedir.Bu durum geli\u015fmi\u015f toplumlar\u0131n hayat tarzlar\u0131na yans\u0131mas\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra \u00e7o\u011funlukla bilim, k\u00fclt\u00fcr ve sanat alanlar\u0131nda etkin olmu\u015ftur. Modernli\u011fe as\u0131l \u00f6nem kazand\u0131ran \u00f6zelli\u011fi, kendisinden \u00f6nceki her t\u00fcrl\u00fc geleneksel sistemden t\u00fcm\u00fcyle farkl\u0131 bir str\u00fckt\u00fcr olu\u015fturmas\u0131 ve benzersiz olmas\u0131d\u0131r (Kahya, 2017).<\/p>\n

20 y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n mimarl\u0131k anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 yans\u0131tan modern mimarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n kesin tarihlerde ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 ve sonunun olmamas\u0131na ra\u011fmen 1900-1925 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131 erken modernizm, 1925-1940 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda ise modernizm d\u00f6nemi olarak kabul edilir. \u00a0T\u00fcrkiye’de ise bu ak\u0131m\u0131n etkilerini Osmanl\u0131’n\u0131n son d\u00f6nemlerinde g\u00f6rmeye ba\u015flarken, Cumhuriyetle birlikte etkisini artt\u0131rarak devam eder (Bekta\u015f, 2022).<\/p>\n

Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada modern mimarl\u0131k ak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nc\u00fclerinden Le Corbusier\u2019in tasarlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 Villa Savoye’nin modern mimarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n 5 ilkesi \u00fczerinden mimarl\u0131ktaki yeri ve anlam\u0131n\u0131n incelenmesi ama\u00e7lanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Modern Mimarl\u0131k ve Le Corbusier<\/strong><\/p>\n

1750\u2019lerde sanayi devrimi ile ba\u015flayan ya\u015fama bi\u00e7imi, ili\u015fkileri, kentle\u015fme, yeni ve b\u00fcy\u00fck boyutlu yap\u0131 tiplerine duyulan gereksinim ve teknolojinin geli\u015fmesi; eskinin d\u0131\u015f cephe bezemeleri, s\u00fcsleme ve tarih\u00e7ili\u011finden uzakla\u015f\u0131p ekonomik ve seri yap\u0131m teknikleriyle \u00a0i\u015flevin \u00f6nceliklendirildi\u011fi \u2018modern\u2019 olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan yeni bir mimarl\u0131k aray\u0131\u015f\u0131na kap\u0131 aralad\u0131. Teknolojinin geli\u015fmesi yeni yap\u0131 malzemeleri ile yeni yap\u0131m tekniklerinin bulunmas\u0131na sebep olurken, yeni malzemeler ve h\u0131zl\u0131 \u00fcretim modern mimarinin h\u0131zla yay\u0131lmas\u0131na sebep olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

\u0130svi\u00e7re do\u011fumlu Frans\u0131z as\u0131ll\u0131 as\u0131l ismi Charles-Edouard Jeanneret-Fris olan Le Corbusier 20. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n \u00f6nemli mimarlar\u0131ndand\u0131r. Mimarl\u0131k ile ilgili yaz\u0131l\u0131 ve uygulamal\u0131 eserler b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Le Corbusier Bir Mimarl\u0131\u011fa Do\u011fru kitab\u0131nda ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nem ile ilgili, \u201cModern toplum ger\u00e7ekten her \u015feyi yeniden g\u00f6zden ge\u00e7irme durumundad\u0131r; makine her \u015feyi alt\u00fcst etti, geli\u015fim y\u00fczy\u0131l i\u00e7inde y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m gibi bir h\u0131z kazand\u0131; s\u00fcregelen al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131klar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n, ara\u00e7lar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n \u00fczerine bir daha hi\u00e7 a\u00e7\u0131lmamak \u00fczere bir perde kapand\u0131; \u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fczde engin bir alan a\u00e7\u0131lmakta ve t\u00fcm d\u00fcnya g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc buraya seferber etmektedir.\u201d demektedir. Bu s\u00f6zlerden de anla\u015f\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 \u00fczere Le Corbusier; t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyan\u0131n bu yenilik aray\u0131\u015f\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde bir \u015feyler ke\u015ffetmekte oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi, kendisi de ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nem s\u00fcrekli bir aray\u0131\u015f ve yenilik i\u00e7erisindedir. Bu de\u011fi\u015fikliklerle birlikte insanlar\u0131n ya\u015fam alanlar\u0131nda da farkl\u0131la\u015fma aray\u0131\u015f\u0131na girme istekleri ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bu yakla\u015f\u0131m o g\u00fcne kadar s\u00fcregelen tasar\u0131m standartlar\u0131n\u0131n da belirli a\u00e7\u0131lardan tekrar ele al\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 gerektirecektir. Standartlar mant\u0131\u011f\u0131n, \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlemenin ve ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bir incelemenin sonucunda a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kmal\u0131 ve ortaya iyi konmu\u015f bir sorunu temel almal\u0131d\u0131r. \u201cMimarl\u0131k plastik bulu\u015f, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnsel kurgu, \u00fcst d\u00fczeyde matematiktir.\u201d Corbusier\u2019e g\u00f6re standartlar ekonomik ve toplumsal bir gereksinimdir, bir standart\u0131n belirlenmesi, o konuda i\u015flevsel ve akla yatk\u0131n t\u00fcm olas\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 olarak incelenip; i\u015flevini en iyi yerine getirebilecek olan\u0131n, en verimli olan\u0131n, ara\u00e7 -gere\u00e7, el eme\u011fi, malzeme, s\u00f6zc\u00fck, bi\u00e7im, renk ve ses bak\u0131m\u0131ndan en az i\u015f gerektiren tipin \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131d\u0131r<\/em> (Bekta\u015f, 2022).<\/p>\n

Le Corbusier\u2019in modern mimarl\u0131k ilkeleri ve kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 \u015fu \u015fekildedir:<\/p>\n

\u0130lke 1: Pilotis: Bina k\u00fctlesini zeminden y\u00fckselten pilotiler (Kahya, 2017).<\/p>\n

Yerden kopma, bir yap\u0131n\u0131n yere temas etmeden belli elemanlar ile yerden kopar\u0131lmas\u0131d\u0131r. Zemin kat\u0131 kamusal a b\u0131rakma imk\u00e2n\u0131 tan\u0131r. Yap\u0131y\u0131 zeminin nem ve rutubetinden kopar\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u0130lke 2: Serbest Plan: Mek\u00e2n\u0131 b\u00f6len duvarlar\u0131n ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131 kolonlardan ayr\u0131 tasarlanabilmesi m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olan planlama sistemi (Kahya, 2017).<\/p>\n

Di\u011fer ad\u0131yla a\u00e7\u0131k plan anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131, tasarlanan yap\u0131n\u0131n plan \u015femas\u0131nda az say\u0131da b\u00f6l\u00fcc\u00fc olmas\u0131 ve i\u00e7 mekanlar\u0131n aras\u0131nda ge\u00e7i\u015fleri engellemeyen b\u00f6l\u00fcc\u00fcler kullan\u0131lmas\u0131d\u0131r. Bu \u015fekilde ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131 duvar olmamas\u0131n\u0131n avantaj\u0131 olarak duvarlar\u0131n ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131dan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z tasarlanan bilmesidir.<\/p>\n

\u0130lke 3: Serbest Cephe: Serbest plan \u015femas\u0131n\u0131n dikey d\u00fczlemde cepheye yans\u0131yan hali (Kahya, 2017).<\/p>\n

Serbest Cephe Anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131, yap\u0131n cephesinin esnek ve ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131lardan ba\u011f\u0131m\u0131z tasarlanmas\u0131d\u0131r. Betonarme sistemini potansiyellerini kullanmak ad\u0131na cepheyi ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131dan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z tasarlamay\u0131 ama\u00e7lar. Burada hem eskinin a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131k ge\u00e7me durumuna ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak cephe tasarlanmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 yeni betonarme sistemde ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131dan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131k a\u00e7abilme potansiyelini kullan\u0131r ve eskiyi bu \u015fekilde ele\u015ftirir.<\/p>\n

\u0130lke 4: Yatay ve uzun bant pencereler (Kahya, 2017).<\/p>\n

Yatay geni\u015f y\u0131rt\u0131klar, yap\u0131n\u0131n cephe k\u0131sm\u0131nda bulunana a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131klar\u0131n yatay ve uzunlamas\u0131na olmas\u0131 ayr\u0131ca yap\u0131n\u0131n ge\u00e7irgenli\u011fidir. Gene betonarmenin a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131k a\u00e7abilme k\u0131s\u0131t\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 gelebilmesinin daha do\u011frusu bug\u00fcn\u00fcn malzemesinin potansiyellerini kullanabilmek ad\u0131na bug\u00fcn\u00fcn malzemesi ve sisteminin potansiyellerini kullanarak y\u00fcceltilmesi anlam\u0131n\u0131 da ta\u015f\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u0130lke 5: \u00c7at\u0131 bah\u00e7esi: yap\u0131n\u0131n zeminde kaplad\u0131\u011f\u0131 alan geri kazan\u0131l\u0131r (Kahya, 2017).<\/p>\n

\u00c7at\u0131 bah\u00e7esi, yap\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7at\u0131 k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n ek bir mek\u00e2n olarak de\u011ferlendirilmesi ve bah\u00e7e olarak kullan\u0131lmas\u0131d\u0131r. \u00c7at\u0131 bah\u00e7eleri kent i\u00e7inde zemindeki parselden kaybedilen alan\u0131 tekrar kazanmak i\u00e7in ve betonu nemli tutarak daha fazla \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemek ad\u0131na \u00e7at\u0131n\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 toprak ile \u00f6rt\u00fcl\u00fcp bitkilendirme yap\u0131labilmesidir.<\/p>\n

La Corbusier farkl\u0131 yap\u0131 t\u00fcrleri eserleri olsa da genelde konut yap\u0131lar\u0131 \u00fczerine yo\u011funla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. <\/strong>Modern mimarl\u0131k manifestosunun kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 olarak hayata ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi eseri Villa Savoye \u2019dir.<\/p>\n

Villa Savoye<\/strong><\/p>\n

Villa Savoye Paris\u2019in 33 km d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda Poissy adl\u0131 bir kasabada yap\u0131m\u0131na 1929 y\u0131l\u0131nda ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015f, 1931 y\u0131l\u0131nda tamamlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Le Corbusier modern mimarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ilk \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinden olan bu yap\u0131 i\u00e7in; \u201cBu villa m\u00fc\u015fterileri i\u00e7in \u00f6nyarg\u0131, antik veya modern alg\u0131lardan tamamen uzak, son derece sade ve yal\u0131n tasarland\u0131.\u201d \u015feklinde ifade kullanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu tasar\u0131m anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131, Villa Savoye \u2019un en b\u00fcy\u00fck karakteristik \u00f6zelliklerinden biridir. Villa Savoye, klasik mimarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n gerekli olan de\u011ferleri ile makine \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n\u0131n bir paradigmas\u0131 \u015feklinde \u2018Mimarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n Be\u015f \u0130lkesi\u2019 olarak ortaya konulan ilkeleri sa\u011flayacak \u015fekilde in\u015fa edilmi\u015f bir yap\u0131d\u0131r (\u00d6zcan; \u00dcr\u00fck, 2019).<\/p>\n

Le Corbusier, Villa Savoye\u2019u anlat\u0131rken havada as\u0131l\u0131 duran yatay y\u0131rt\u0131klarla delinmi\u015f bir kutu \u015feklinde ifade eder. Havada as\u0131l\u0131 durarak yerle temas etmeme fikrini i\u00e7 mek\u00e2na da ta\u015f\u0131m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece Villla savoye\u2018da le Corbusier\u2019in tasar\u0131ma b\u00fct\u00fcnc\u00fcl yakla\u015f\u0131m anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 da g\u00f6r\u00fcr\u00fcz.<\/p>\n

\"\"\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \"\"
\n\u015eekil 1: Villa Savoye, Poissy, Fransa, 1929\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u015eekil 2: Villa Savoye spiral merdiven<\/p>\n

Modernizm anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131na uygun basit ve yal\u0131n k\u00fctle kurgusuna sahip yap\u0131n\u0131n k\u00fctle kurgusu; yerden kopar\u0131l\u0131p havada duran Kare bir k\u00fctlenin pilotiler \u00a0\u00fczerine oturtulmas\u0131 \u015feklindedir.<\/p>\n

Pilotiler(kolonlar) aras\u0131 mesafe rampa ve garaj a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131na uygun bir \u015fekilde 5 metredir. Yap\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fc\u015fey sirk\u00fclasyonunu plan\u0131n merkezinde yer alan ve zeminden 1. kata \u00e7\u0131kan az e\u011fimli rampayla spiral bir merdiven sa\u011flamaktad\u0131r. Rampa katlar aras\u0131 s\u00fcreklili\u011fi sa\u011flarken sirk\u00fclasyonda esneklik sa\u011flamaktad\u0131r Ayr\u0131ca heykelsi bir g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fc yakalamak i\u00e7in \u00f6zellikle spiral merdiven tercih eden le Corbusier bu \u015fekilde ya\u015fanacak alanlar\u0131 da artt\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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Yap\u0131da ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131 g\u00f6revi g\u00f6ren pilotileri duvarlar\u0131n aras\u0131na saklamak yerine bir tasar\u0131m girdisi olarak \u00f6zellikle a\u00e7\u0131kta b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve duvarlar\u0131n\u0131n ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131dan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir \u015fekilde tasarlanmas\u0131na imk\u00e2n tan\u0131m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu sayede serbest plan \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlemesi yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Yap\u0131n\u0131n cephesi, pilotiler aks\u0131ndan ta\u015f\u0131r\u0131larak ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131dan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131k ge\u00e7ebilme imk\u00e2n\u0131 kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu sayede yap\u0131n\u0131n cephe kurgusu ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131dan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z tasarlan\u0131p serbest cephe olarak nitelenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131 k\u0131s\u0131t\u0131 olmaks\u0131z\u0131n yap\u0131 boyunca devam eden yatay bant pencereler pilotiler \u00fczerinde duran k\u00fctlenin d\u00fc\u015feyli\u011fini vurgularken, i\u00e7erden d\u0131\u015far\u0131ya bakan kesintisiz bir manzara seyri ve do\u011fal \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n yap\u0131n\u0131n merkezine kadar n\u00fcfuz edebilmesini sa\u011flar. Bu sayede i\u00e7 mek\u00e2n\u0131n d\u0131\u015far\u0131yla g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir ili\u015fkisi sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015f olur. Pencereler yatay kayar sisteme sahipken, \u00e7er\u00e7eveleri cephe y\u00fczeyinden d\u0131\u015f kenardan montelidir. Bu \u015fekilde Dura\u011fan k\u00fctlenin en az girinti ile kesintisiz sade g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fc zedelenmemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Yap\u0131da \u00e7at\u0131 bah\u00e7esi ile teras aras\u0131nda olan kesintisiz rampa katlar aras\u0131ndaki s\u00fcreklili\u011fi sa\u011flarken, teras\u0131n oturma alan\u0131 ile birle\u015ftirilmesi do\u011fa ile i\u00e7 i\u00e7e olmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Le Corbusier\u2019e g\u00f6re ya\u015fama alanlar\u0131n\u0131n topra\u011f\u0131n neminden korunmas\u0131 ve geni\u015f a\u00e7\u0131da manzara seyri vermesi nedeniyle zeminden y\u00fckseltilmesi\u00a0gerekmektedir. Le Corbusier Savoye ailesiyle yap\u0131n\u0131n ilk g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelerinde, aileyi daha kolay yap\u0131laca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yleyerek zor ikna etti\u011fi d\u00fcz \u00e7at\u0131s\u0131ndaki teras\u0131 bir d\u0131\u015f oda gibi tasarlar.<\/p>\n

Yap\u0131n\u0131n planlar\u0131na bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda; mutfak ve servis odalar\u0131n\u0131 kuzey do\u011fu cephesine, yatak odalar\u0131 g\u00fcney do\u011fu cephesine, salon bat\u0131 cephesine, teras ise g\u00fcney bat\u0131 cephesine bakacak \u015fekilde konumland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Malzeme olarak genelde beton, cam ve metal kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Kahya, 2017).<\/p>\n

Villa Savoye; P\u00fcrizm \u2019in ba\u015fyap\u0131t \u00f6rneklerindendir. Cephesinde ve i\u00e7 mek\u00e2n\u0131nda da p\u00fcrizm ak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n etkilerini ta\u015f\u0131r. Bembeyaz bir k\u00fctleden olu\u015fan cephe, pilotiler sayesinde y\u00fckseltildi\u011fi i\u00e7in uzaktan bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda havada s\u00fcz\u00fcl\u00fcyormu\u015f hissi ya\u015fat\u0131rken, Birbiri i\u00e7erisine giren i\u00e7 mekanlar\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131nda sadece giri\u015f alan\u0131 yap\u0131n\u0131n d\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015f\u00fcne tezat olarak ziyaret\u00e7iye heykelsi bir atmosfer ya\u015fat\u0131r(Kan, 2020).<\/p>\n

Villa Savoye UNESCO taraf\u0131ndan D\u00fcnya Miras Listesi\u2019ne eklenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Sonu\u00e7:<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0130nsanl\u0131k s\u00fcregeldi\u011fi t\u00fcm zamanlarda i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fu mek\u00e2n\u0131; ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7a\u011fa, co\u011frafya ve k\u00fclt\u00fcre g\u00f6re \u015fekillendirme e\u011filimindedir. End\u00fcstri devrimi sonras\u0131, makinele\u015fme ve seri \u00fcretimin getirdi\u011fi yeni ya\u015fam bi\u00e7imleri ,yeni ihtiya\u00e7lar, ak\u0131l ve bilginin teknolojiyle birlikte kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n verdi\u011fi potansiyeller modern olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan yeni d\u00fcnyan\u0131n yeni ya\u015fam\u0131 anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve modern mimarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n do\u011fmas\u0131na \u00f6n ayak olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

Modernizmin \u015fekillenmesinde yeni \u00fcretim bi\u00e7imleri ile t\u00fcm toplumu i\u00e7ine alan de\u011fi\u015fim ve bi\u00e7im aray\u0131\u015flar\u0131 etkili olmu\u015ftur. Frans\u0131z bir mimar olan le corbusier bu yeni aray\u0131\u015fta \u00e7ok etkili bir isim olmu\u015f ve modern mimarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n temsilcileri aras\u0131nda yer alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u2018Ev ya\u015famak i\u00e7in bir makinedir\u2019 aforizmas\u0131 onun mimarl\u0131k felsefesini g\u00f6sterirken, 1926 da ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u2018yeni bir mimarl\u0131\u011fa do\u011fru 5 ilke\u2019 manifestosu modern mimarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n bi\u00e7imlenmesinin en \u00f6nemli etkenlerindendir.<\/p>\n

\u201cPilotilerle Yerden kopma, a\u00e7\u0131k plan , serbest cephe,\u00a0 yatay geni\u015f bant a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131klar ve \u00e7at\u0131 bah\u00e7esi\u201c olan bu 5 ilkenin Villa Savoye \u2019daki kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yledir: Ana k\u00fctle pilotiler ile y\u00fckseltilip zeminde ek mek\u00e2n b\u0131rak\u0131l\u0131rken, a\u00e7\u0131k plan anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 ile mekanlar minimum b\u00f6l\u00fcc\u00fc kullan\u0131larak ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu kararlarla modernizmin i\u015flev \u00f6ncelikli tasar\u0131m anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 da ifade edildi\u011fini g\u00f6r\u00fcr\u00fcz. Serbest cephe anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131yla yap\u0131n\u0131n t\u00fcm cepheleri ge\u00e7irgen, serbest olarak tasarlan\u0131rken, yatay geni\u015f bant a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131k anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131yla da yap\u0131 d\u00f6rt bir taraftan yatay ve uzun pencerelerle a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu karalarla betonarme sistemin t\u00fcm potansiyellerini en yal\u0131n \u015fekilde ortaya koymas\u0131 ama\u00e7lanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Eskinin kemer ve e\u011frisel str\u00fckt\u00fcrlerle a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131k ge\u00e7mesine kar\u015f\u0131 yeni ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131c\u0131 sistemi y\u00f6ntemlerini olabildi\u011fine d\u00fcz ve sade \u015fekilde ifade etmek istenmi\u015ftir. \u00c7at\u0131 bah\u00e7esi anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131yla yap\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7at\u0131 k\u0131sm\u0131 bir bah\u00e7eye d\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f ve ya\u015fama alan\u0131 olarak tasarlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130\u015flev ve alandan kazanma ad\u0131na verilmi\u015f olan bu kararda da gene modernizm anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n tasar\u0131m girdilerine yans\u0131mas\u0131 ifade edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Le Corbusier\u2019in 5 ilkenin tamam\u0131na uyan bu tasar\u0131m\u0131nda do\u011fal malzeme tercih etmesiyle modernizmin standartla\u015fm\u0131\u015f sabit malzemeleri tercih etmemi\u015f ve \u00e7evre yap\u0131lar ile uyumu uygun de\u011fildir. Geri kalan t\u00fcm \u00f6zellikleri ile 5 ilkeye uydu\u011fundan modernizmin temsil eden yap\u0131lardan biridir. Bir nevi modern mimarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ifade etmek i\u00e7in yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir yap\u0131d\u0131r. Modernizmin simge yap\u0131lar\u0131ndan olu\u015fu ona sanat eseri \u00f6zelli\u011fi katar bug\u00fcn UNESCO D\u00fcnya Miras Listesi\u2019nde yer almaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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Kaynak\u00e7a<\/strong><\/p>\n